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OCHRONA PRAW PODSTAWOWYCH W KONTEKŚCIE MASOWEJ INWIGILACJI W UNII EUROPEJSKIEJArtykuł dotyczy kwestii problematyki "masowej inwigilacji" i potencjalnego naruszenia praw podstawowych przez programy wprowadzające tę praktykę. W artykule wyjaśnia się wstępnie samo pojęcie, a także odróżnia je od inwigilacji skierowanej wobec konkretnej osoby w związku z prowadzonym postępowaniem. Celem artykułu jest zarysowanie problemu relacji między obowiązkiem państw związanym z kwestią zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa narodowego a koniecznością ochrony praw podstawowych. Podkreśla się, że powoływanie się na względy ochrony bezpieczeństwa narodowego nie w każdym przypadku mogą uzasadniać ingerencję w prawa jednostki, a także że nie oznacza to możliwości niestosowania zasad wynikających z prawa Unii Europejskiej czy dorobku prawnego Rady Europy. Podstawowym prawem, o którym mowa w artykule, jest prawo do prywatności, ale wskazane są również inne prawa, mogące być potencjalnie naruszane przez programy masowej inwigilacji.

The idea of the European Public Prosecutor dates from the 1990 s. Since then, the work on the creation of the foundations of the European Penal Code is associated with the necessity to strengthen the protection of the financial interests of the European Union, in particular the need to combat offences against those interests. Initially the Code seemed to be a purely theoretical concept that cannot be implemented into the EU legislative action because of the existing rules of conferral of powers and the lack of a legal basis for the establishment of such an office. However, with the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon the situation has changed, particularly with the addition of the Article 86 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). As a result, the European Commission presented in July 2013 a draft regulation which should serve as a basis for establishment of the European Prosecutor Office [COM(2013) 534 final]. The aim of this paper is to present and briefly analyse major provisions of the proposed regulation, as well as objections submitted by national parliaments and doctrine, and finally the prospects of further work on the project. The discussion has not been yet completed because the draft has not been formally adopted yet and probably in the proposed form will not be accepted by all Member States, which will result in the implementation of the enhanced cooperation procedure.

W artykule podjęto problem reformy systemu ochrony danych osobowych w kontekściezmian, nowych zadań i wyzwań stojących przed europejskimi organami ochrony danych,w szczególności Europejskim Inspektorem Ochrony Danych, Grupą roboczą art. 29 czyteż krajowymi organami nadzorczymi. Przedłożone w ostatnich latach przez KomisjęEuropejską projekty aktów ogólnych odnoszących się do omawianych zagadnień, jaki szczególnych, regulujących funkcjonowanie agencji UE zajmujących się walką z przestępczością, wyraźnie pokazują, że zaproponowane zmiany mają służyć zwiększeniuroli tych organów zarówno w wymiarze unijnym, jak i krajowym, poprzez zapewnienieskuteczniejszego egzekwowania nowych przepisów. Temu też służyć ma planowane zacieśnienie współpracy między organami krajowymi i koordynacja ich działań.

In January 2014 two years passed since the European Commission presented a package of reforms of the system of personal data protection in the EU. Com‑ mission proposed to create, in its opinion, a uniform and consistent system across the EU. The idea of the paper is to answer the question whether the Commission's proposal to adopt two separate acts (one as a general system, and the second for cooperation in criminal matters and police), should meet the proposed assumptions. In order to analyze that, first the treaty background is presented, then current legal status in the field of personal data in the EU, and finally a comparative analysis of the solutions of the two drafts. The analysis leads to the conclusion that there are serious concerns about the lack of consistency.

The article discusses the problem of the reform of the system of the protection of personal data in the context of changes, new tasks and challenges faced by the European data protection authorities, in particular the European Data Protection Supervisor, Article 29 Working Group or the national supervisory authorities. The proposals of regulations and directives submitted in recent years by the European Commission related to data protection in general, as well as the specific rules governing the functioning of the EU agencies involved in the fight against crime clearly show that the proposed changes are intended to increase the role of these bodies at both the E. U. and the national level by ensuring a more effective implementation of the new rules. The planned strengthening of the relationship between the national authorities as well as the coordination of their activities also aims to meet this objective.

This paper starts with a dilemma. How to ensure the adequate protection of individual health data and privacy in a global pandemic, which has intensified the use of digital applications for the purposes of data sharing and contact-tracing? There is no simple answer to this question when choosing between the protection of public health and individual privacy. However, the history of the existing case-law regarding infectious diseases control, both Polish and European, teaches about numerous examples in which health data and privacy were not adequately protected, but, on the contrary, were misused leading to human rights infringements. In light of this case law and public health ethics, this paper argues radically that the use of digital applications to fight the Covid-19 pandemic has not been sufficiently justified at least in the Polish context. Especially, unconvincing benefits from the use of these tools do not outweigh the likelihood of human rights infringements with far-reaching consequences for political, social and economic rights now and in the future. In its novelty, this article combines a historical-legal method with the concept of public health ethics and a human rights-based approach and to foster further research and discussion. The text also responds to the pressing need to analyze those human rights issues embedded in the Polish reality.